(Paperback)

Racisms is the first comprehensive history of racism, from the Crusades to the twentieth century. Demonstrating that there is not one continuous tradition of racism, Francisco Bethencourt shows that racism preceded any theories of race and must be viewed within the prism and context of social hierarchies and local conditions. In this richly illustr

(Hardback)

(Hardback)

Demonstrating that there is not one continuous tradition of racism in the West, this book shows that racism preceded any theories of race and viewed within the prism and context of social hierarchies and local conditions. It focuses on the Western world, but opens comparative views on ethnic discrimination and segregation in Asia and Africa.